Showing posts with label Luc Moullet. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Luc Moullet. Show all posts

Monday, November 24, 2025

Luc Moullet (TIFF, November 2025)

 Thanks to Andréa Picard and the TIFF staff for hosting me for this Parpaillon introduction on Sunday, November 23,2025. What a pleasure, and I hope more folks better now appreciate the influence biking has had on Luc Moullet and his cinema. – D.D.

Some general reflections to prepare us for Parpaillon/Up and Down (1993) today and Luc Moullet’s body of work in general:


1. It took me a while to get into Moullet’s films: Brigitte et Brigitte is no Le Beau Serge, and Les Contrebandières is no Les Carabiniers. Moullet’s films lack a certain drama, and he would probably be the first one to admit it (there’s so many self-criticisms within his public reflections). But once you get into his sensibility, the films’ rhythms, it’s fascinating to see the worlds that he inhabits.

Jean-Pierre Oudart described their style as a sort-of “deviant aberration,” which I find apt to describe the New Wave aesthetic in general and Moullet’s films in particular, as per their refraction of reality. 

I find with his Les Sièges de l’Alcazar (1989), about post-war 1950s French cinephilia, and its depiction of the eccentric nature of film-going, through the love-hate relationship between these two Cahiers and Positif critics; there it all sort-of comes together.

It’s one of the best films about French cinephilia alongside Tacchella’s Travelling avant (1987) and Skorecki’s Les cinéphiles (1989).

Currently, as the last living New Wave director (88 years old), there’s a certain surprise when you hear of Moullet’s extra-cinematic activities: he ran marathons, and was an alpine cyclist (among many other pursuits).

For example, for his seventieth birthday, he completed his 229th mountain pass, Khardung La (5,359 m) in India.

But I guess in a city like Toronto, where contemporary filmmakers like Kazik Radwanski actively runs (and shares about it on his socials), and Matt Johnson, while regularly wearing active wear, can often be seen playing tennis in Trinity Bellwoods; this might be less surprising.

2. I got to see Luc Moullet three times, mostly thanks to Gérard Courant. Twice for interviews at his Parisian apartment (2018, 2024) and once in Montreal at RIDM (2019).

I don’t know if folks are too familiar with Parisian apartments. But, in this particular instance, first you get to his place, Avenue Richard Lenoir, and ring his doorbell at the front door, before he lets you in. You then have to walk five flights of narrow stairs before he greets you at his apartment – it’s the same setting of many of his films so you’re a little shocked by the uncanniness.

My late friend Samuel Bréan informed me that Moullet would judge the physical health of his guests by how long it would take to make it up all of the steps to his apartment, and if you were out of breath or not.

A funny anecdote, I think, and that speaks to the eccentric nature of his body of work.

3. Jean Douchet spoke of the origins of the New Wave as being traced back to the French Occupation, and that of these youth escaping the sad realities of life through the fantasies of these films in cinemas.

Luc Moullet would probably add, that it was through biking that they got around, and travelled from one cinema to the other.

André Bazin was famous for biking from one ciné-club to another, presenting Le jour se lève, or whatever film, to the different communities; or biking to the city outskirts to visit friends.

4. Luc Moullet started biking around Paris at 19-years-old to go to different cinemas and libraries. 

Not only a cinephile, but also a library enthusiast and cyclist-autodidact, he described being secretive about visiting the American Library of Paris just across of the Cahiers office, so that others wouldn’t discover the treasure trove of where he brought them his film news.

5. Apparently in his first short-film Un Steak trop cuit (1960), his brother in it already references the mountain pass Parpaillon. But in Brigitte et Brigitte we already see its characters cycling and in the southern French alps, and which becomes more prominent in Les Contrebandières, before we actually see Moullet biking himself in Anatomie d’un rapport. 

There is even more general biking background visuals in many of his other films, but for sake of time, I won’t get into it.

I bring this up to argue that biking culture was always there in Moullet’s life and body of work.

And what makes Parpaillon so great is that it brings this cycling culture to its forefront.

6. These details were always there. But it wasn’t necessarily an intuitive connection. 

For me, it wasn’t until discovering his personal essay “Mon premier Stelvio” (Des Nouvelles du cinéma, 2004), where he recounts his first cycle (and failed attempts) up this mountain pass in Italy, that revolves around his March 1964 Cahiers article “Nécessité de Trento” on the mountain film festival there, that I took on its full meaning within his body of work

7. A couple of other quotes and paraphrases that are relevant. 

Luc Moullet (Savonette indocile): “I was always adept at biking. For me, the bike always represented God. And the car, the devil.” 

In Anatomie d’un rapport, he speaks of how biking was able to clear his thoughts when he is either romantically or sexually confused or frustrated. 

In his article, “Mon travail” (Trafic nº 39), he speaks of how biking was able to help him creatively, giving him ideas for articles, scripts and films.

Just to say, I agree with Fabien Boully, when he writes, “Parpaillon is without doubt the one and only true cinematic love song ever dedicated to the universe of the bicycle.” (Rouge, 2003)

8. Within this presentation I can only talk about so many things relating to Moullet and Parpaillon.

Other topics could have included:

The “roubine,” this odd and beautiful mountain range that he grew around and loves to film. In an interview with Courant, he described the art of cinema comparable to that of the mountain range, never knowing what’s around the corner.

How much he appreciated 90s Iranian cinema, notably the films of Kiarostami (another great mountain director par excellence).

The influence of the pataphysical theorist Alfred Jarry, who receives a reference in the film’s subtitle.

The encyclopedic and essayist nature of his work in general, similar to a David Foster Wallace, there earlier on in his Inspecteur Juross article “Les mystères de Paris” (nº 161). Creating these détournements from the quotidian into the realm of the fantasy.

9. To conclude, I just think it’s best not to perceive Moullet as an esoteric and obscure French filmmaker, as he’s sometimes described, but, instead to see and talk about him as what he truly is, one of the greatest and popular French comedy directors.

I hope you enjoy the screening.

I’m happy to talk more about the film or him after this screening for those interested, or to catch up with folks that just want to catch up from when I was at TIFF or in Toronto in general.

Sunday, October 26, 2025

Lost Chapter : Luc Moullet at Cahiers du cinéma [ENG, FR]

 There’s a Luc Moullet mini-retro starting at the Lightbox coming up in November, which is a great occasion to brush off some dust on one of my old unpublished chapters on him from my dissertation. There’s an intro and interview, which I conducted in the summer of 2018. Unfortunately this more grand dissertation project got condensed into just chapters on the five editors-in-chief from 1981 to 2003, with the working title, “Cahier du cinéma : From Mao to New Media,” which I’m now working with Adrian Martin to turn into a book for Sticking Places Books for 2026. I’ve since also done another long-form interview with Moullet, and this time filmed by his friend Gérard Courant, still unreleased. I’m including both an English and French version of this chapter. Maybe I'd write his portrait differently today... and I highly recommend his own memoir, Mémories d'une savonnette indocile. – D.D.

Luc Moullet: The Short-circuit of humour [ENG]

Luc Moullet first appears like a younger brother when he enters Cahiers. He is an erudite cinephile and a great reader of Cahiers and in particular a fervent admirer of François Truffaut and Jacques Rivette. He moved in the same circles as them before he joined the editorial team. It was 1956. He was 18 years old and his first text was on Edgar G. Ulmer. Moullet was part of the first generation of critics that followed Truffaut and those who became the Nouvelle Vague. Following, Moullet would be there for the death of André Bazin and the successive editorships of Éric Rohmer, Jacques Rivette and Jean-Louis Comolli.

While he has written reviews about the two great American filmmakers of the previous generation - Rio Bravo by Howard Hawks and North by Northwest by Alfred Hitchcock – Moullet’s real challenge was to present new filmmakers into the magazine. The two directors he wrote the most about were Luis Buñuel (Death in the Garden, The Young One, The Exterminating Angel) and Samuel Fuller (Verboeten, Pickup on South Street, Underworld U.S.A.). With his texts on Buñuel he was able to intergrade this filmmaker into the Cahiers canon, since he had at times been more well-received at the left-wing Positif. And perhaps Moullet’s most striking article was “Sam Fuller : Sur les brisées de Marlowe”. He has even claimed that this article had done more for his reputation than his entire career as a director. This article created a very close bond between Fuller and himself. Moullet also maintained the Cahiers interest in American B-films which continued a Truffaut tendency that you can see in his reviews of such films as Sudden Fear or Niagara. Moullet kept on with this tradition through at first publishing an Edgar G. Ulmer’s filmography and then later, with Bertrand Tavernier, an interview with Ulmer.

Moullet’s review of Cecil B. DeMille’s The Ten Commandments, praising it for its grandeur and themes, is a great example of how he was offbeat in this cinephile milieu. He would later write a book on DeMille. But Moullet would also champion King Vidor and would also write a book on him too. He excelled at both appreciating big budget spectacles and smaller more independent films. But Moullet was also a figure of many hats. For example, he was important for the appreciation of the cult Italian sword-and-sandal (peplum) director Vittorio Cottafavi through his article “La Victoire d’Ercole” (which he would later intergrate into one of the subplots of his film Les Sièges de l’Alcazar). And he championed many international directors, along with many French ones, such as the German director Fritz Lang or the Japanese director Kenji Mizoguchi.

Moullet’s career at Cahiers lasted approximately 13 years from 1956 to 1969 after which he transitioned towards becoming a full-time director. During his period at Cahiers, Moullet published around 50 major texts which included a lot of longer film reviews. He wrote about many directors who were already important to Cahiers and continued to be so after. He had a strength in word games and humour even within a serious analysis. He mixed seriousness with humor and could make people laugh. Moullet’s texts had what he called an intelligent-stupidity or a serious hoax. He used these two terms (l’intelligence-bêtise or le canular sérieux) in reference to Buñuel. This tone was special to Moullet and he used it as well afterwards in his films. His general rule aimed to “always make the reader laugh” (Piges choisies). The films he liked, some which were quite bizarre and others marginal, were all unique to his taste. His writing is bold, biting, sharply decisive yet still attractive. There was always something fun to read in Moullet. His mixture of benevolent irony with an over-knowledge of the history of cinema prompted Serge Daney to say that his was the first columns to be read whenever he opened a new issue. Jean-Claude Biette spoke warmly of him as well.

Moullet was not always the star at the center of Cahiers and his views did not always follow the consensus. Bazin and Truffaut were not always certain about him, and Godard was in disagreement about some of his tastes. He was accused of having an irresponsible weirdness. Moullet supported American films against the ardent supporters of the Blum-Byrnes agreements, which aimed to protect the French film industry in the post-war era. This was a contrarian attitude in France where the serious intellectual spirit was nourished by the anti-American Communist party. But it was these contradictions that contributed to his value and his brand. And thanks to all this, Luc Moullet embodied in himself part of the idea of ​​what was the Cahiers du Cinéma.

Starting from 1966 he began to write less. He wrote the text “Les chèvres de Poi” in 1967 on the death of George Sadoul, another one of his heroes. He also did reports from Cannes. Moullet transitioned to directing (after having done several short- and medium-length films) with his 1968 film Les Contrebandières, which was the subject of note-worthy review by Jean-Pierre Oudart in January 1969. In October 1969 Moullet did a long interview with Michel Delahaye and Jean Narboni where you can see the differences between Moullet and the new editorial team at Cahiers. This is the period where Cahiers expressed its disagreement with Daniel Filipacchi and switched its focus to politics. Years later during the Jousse and Frodon eras, Moullet would return as a legendary figure of its glorious origins.

First, I’d like to ask you two questions. About your beginnings at Cahiers, and years later, when you returned to write a little, in the 1990s, and how it evolved. One of my questions is, what was the Cahiers gesture? At the beginning, what defined what Cahiers would become for you? 

At the time, it was 1951, so there were practically no film magazines. There was La Revue du Cinéma, which had ceased publication in 1948. And the weekly L’Écran français, which was truly critical, but which was somewhat eroded by submission to certain ideas of the Communist Party, and this consisted of saying a lot of good things about Russian films and a lot of bad things about American films. So it was a rather lacking period between 1948 and 1951, where there were practically no critical references.

 

For me, when I try to describe the essence of the Cahiers, the first major gestures are the friendship between Bazin and Truffaut, then the young critics who took over the magazine from the older generation, and after that, Hitchcock, as a figure who united the young critics.

Yes, that’s not quite it. In 1951, it was Bazin, Doniol-Valcroze, and Lo Duca. And then, perhaps at the end of 1952 or the beginning of 1953, Lo Duca disappeared, because Cahiers rejected his text on Sadoul.

 

In Truffaut's correspondence, there are two letters, I believe, that he sent you. What was your relationship with him like? He talks about being surprised by the energy of your writing and a little about your tastes at that time. Can you talk a little about that?

Yes, there were few letters, because we saw each other or spoke by telephone regularly. I arrived at Cahiers at the end of 1955. From 1954, Lo Duça had disappeared, Bazin and Doniol were there. In fact, it was Truffaut who was somewhat in charge from the Hitchcock issue onwards, around August 1954. Without being mentioned in the editorial, it was Truffaut who did most of the work with Doniol-Valcroze.

 

When I think about your writing in the Cahiers from this period, one can notice a constant in the magazine. It’s always changing: we take an idea from the Cahiers, an argument, and we take it elsewhere. If with the New Wave, there was Hitchcock, with you, we take it to Fuller, Ulmer, and other American directors. Have you noticed that the magazine has changed with your writings?

Not so much. Because Fuller and Ulmer were somewhat revealed by Truffaut. And Truffaut then became especially interested in his favorite directors like Becker, Hitchcock, Renoir, Rossellini, and Hawks. Then, as his attention focused on these filmmakers, I was able to do my research on directors who were more in the shadows, like Ulmer (but Ulmer was already championed by Truffaut) or Fuller. But also Buñuel, who was somewhat despised by the New Wave. Finally, by some of the critics there. 

You wrote a book about Fritz Lang. The descriptions of his Indian films are truly excellent. And where did Lang fit into all this?

Lang was indeed one of the filmmakers championed by Truffaut and his friends, notably Rivette and Chabrol.

 

How did you meet Fuller and how did he become an actor in your first films?

He came to Paris in 1965. At a time when he could no longer, when he was having difficulty filming in America, because the time for B movies, or small films, was over. So, starting in 1965, there was a project called Les Fleurs du Mal, and since he had read the series of articles that had been written about these films, I participated in an interview with him, it was in the spring of 1965. And a correspondence ensued with him. He informed me of the films he had in the pipeline. So there was extensive written correspondence between 1959 and 1965. And then he made a small appearance in Pierrot le Fou, and then in Brigitte and Brigitte, where he introduced himself as Samuel Fuller.

 

I think Fuller and your texts on his films define the Cahiers a little. It’s after the texts on Hitchcock, it shows a passionate French love for American cinema. And the argument about Fuller, that he doesn’t think, he acts, I think is marvelous.

In fact, it's a little more complex. Because there were also intentions in Fuller, we see it particularly through films like Verboeten or Run of the Arrow, but the intentions are a little carried away by lyricism and the way of doing things. And everything that is raised on the subject was actually a bit of a pretext. For example, he is the only director who made five anti-communist films. But in fact, it’s because he acquired a label of anti-Red filmmaker that served him well. He made two films about the Korean War, without having participated in that war. He brought his experience of the Second World War into them. So we don’t detect this anti-communist side in the Second World War. It happened in the post-Stalinist films during the war with the United States, and he played on it to gain a brand image. In fact, he was more against dictatorships than against communists.

 

Your film Les Sièges de l’Alcazar is one of the best films, I think, about cinephilia. Was it like that in critical circles during the 1950s?

Yes, well, in the somewhat sophisticated critical circles, those of Cahiers du cinéma and Positif, it was a bit like that. I exaggerated it because for the public, ignorant of this, it was necessary to define the opposing factions more clearly...

 

Yes, I love it, there’s a line, the woman talks about The Salt of the Earth, one of the Hollywood Ten films, while the young critic from Cahiers prefers Cottafavi. It’s so funny. I think your writings and your films also have a sense of humor that isn’t always there when you read reviews. Do you think that’s the case?

Yes, in fact, there was quite a bit of humor in Truffaut’s writings. But much less in the texts of Rohmer or even Rivette.

 

Then, you returned to Cahiers later to write articles on films. What year was that exactly, and how did it happen?

I wrote for Cahiers between 1956 and 1969. And then there was the Maoist-Marxist-structuralist period, with which I had little to do with. For six or seven years, Cahiers were published irregularly, without film photos, and sometimes even without film reviews. So I couldn't reintegrate into that structure.

 

I met Dominique Noguez, and he told me that he had written a review of a Pasolini film, and with the political upheaval of that period, Cahiers rejected it because they perceived him as bourgeois... During this Maoist period, I think one of the greatest critic-directors at Cahiers was François Truffaut. And he, too, was completely forgotten. Were you close to him? What did he think of it during this period?

Yes, Truffaut began making films in 1957, and he distanced himself somewhat from criticism, especially after the release of The 400 Blows. He kept an eye on things, gave opinions, gave advice... But he wrote like that, somewhat outside of Cahiers, when he was asked for a contribution. So he was much more distant, and he provided moral and sometimes financial support to Cahiers until 1970. But then he moved away from it. He himself said he had never read a line of Karl Marx.

 

And you came back, I think, in the 1990s to write a little for the magazine...

There were a few contributions... I sent a letter to Cahiers in 1979 about Godard, and then I wrote a piece on Truffaut, “La balance et le lien”. As well as a piece on DeMille, which was published in 1991, which was also written a few years earlier. There were delays between the writing and the publication due to the current events: my piece on Truffaut arrived after the tribute issue dedicated to him, before they commissioned me to write a piece on Godard in 1990. Finally, they asked me for an introduction on John Ford. Starting in 1992, they wanted a series of articles, like Audiberti had done, monthly articles, on a subject that interested me until 1996.

Yes, I was reading an interview with a director who mentioned the articles in which you talked about them. It helped them in their careers, and they were truly touched. Now we just have to read through all these texts.

 

Interview with Luc Moullet, thanks to Gérard Courant, May 2018.

***

Luc Moullet : Le court circuit d’humour [FR]

Luc Moullet, c’est un peu le frère cadet des débuts des Cahiers. C’est un grand cinéphile et grand lecteur des Cahiers, et en particulier un admirateur fervent de François Truffaut et Jacques Rivette. Il les côtoye avant de se joindre à la rédaction avec un premier texte sur Edgar G. Ulmer. Il a 18 ans et c’est en 1956. Il représente, avec d’autres, la première génération de rédacteurs qui suit celle de Truffaut et ceux qui forme la Nouvelle Vague. Avec Luc Moullet, les Cahiers changent, et cette transformation continue après lui. Il est là pour le basculement à la mort d’André Bazin et successivement pour les rédactions d’Éric Rohmer, Jacques Rivette et Jean-Louis Comolli. 

Même s’il écrit sur les deux grands cinéastes américains de la politique des auteurs de la génération précédente – il rédige des critiques de Rio Bravo de Howard Hawks (nº 97) et La mort aux trousses d’Alfred Hitchcock (nº 102) – les vrais enjeux de Moullet sont de faire entrer des nouveaux cinéastes à la revue. Les deux réalisateurs à propos desquels il écrit le plus sont Luis Buñuel (Lamort en ce jardin, La jeune fille, L’Ange exterminateur) et Samuel Fuller (Verboeten, Le port de la drogue, Underworld USA). Avec le premier, il est capable de le faire accepter dans la maison Cahiers (avant d’être plus Positif) et l’autre, avec son texte peut-être le plus marquant, « Sam Fuller : sur les brisées de Marlowe » (nº 93) – il revendique même que ce texte a fait plus pour sa réputation que toute sa carrière comme réalisateur (Piges choisies). Cet article crée un lien très serré entre Moullet et Fuller. Moullet pousse l’intérêt des Cahiers pour la série-B qui était déjà̀ là avec Truffaut quand il écrit sa première critique sur Le masque arraché (nº 21) avec au début, la filmographie (nº 58) suivi plus tard de l’entretien d’Edgar G. Ulmer avec Bertrand Tavernier (nº 122). C’est aussi marquant de voir Moullet encenser Cecil B. DeMille avec sa critique des Dix commandements (nº 80) – il a écrit un livre sur lui beaucoup plus tard –, et King Vidor (nº 136) – on lui doit aussi une étude de son film Le rebelle. Puis, il participe à l’éloge du réalisateur culte de péplum italien, Vittorio Cottafavi avec son texte « La victoire d’Ercole » (nº 131) – ces débats constituent le sujet de son film Les Sièges de l’Alcazar. Il écrit sur des réalisateurs allemands comme Fritz Lang (avant de publier un livre d’analyse assez célèbre sur lui plus tard) tout en s’intéressant au cinéma japonais (Mizoguchi).

Son parcours aux Cahiers dure environ treize ans de 1956 à 1969 avant qu’il ne parvienne à concrétiser son désir de devenir un réalisateur à temps complet. Pendant sa période Cahiers, Moullet publie environ cinquante textes dont la plupart sont de longs critiques. Il écrit sur de nombreux réalisateurs déjà importants aux Cahiers auparavant et continuent à l’être longtemps après. Sa force réside un peu dans les jeux de mots et les blagues même si ses analyses sont sérieuses et il a une manière forte de trancher. Il mélange le sérieux au comique et il fait rire. Les textes de Moullet atteignent ce qu’il appelle l’intelligence-bêtise ou le canular sérieux (deux termes qu’il utilise pour parler de Buñuel). Ce ton-là est propre à Moullet et il l’utilise bien sûr dans ses films par la suite. Un de ses dogmes vise à « toujours faire rire le lecteur » (Piges choisie). Et on le voit à l’œuvre dans ce qu’il écrit. Il aime des films assez bizarres et marginaux, ce qui rend ces objets uniques à ses yeux, et dont il parle d’une manière pointue et séduisante. Il choisit des œuvres audacieuses dépeintes avec une écriture mordante. Son esprit combattif s’explique, en partie, par son soutien à des films américains, commerciaux, dans un climat français où l’esprit intellectuel sérieux est nourri par le parti communiste (qui est anti-américain) et en réaction à l’accord Blum-Byrnes qui veut protéger et aider l’industrie cinématographique française. En tous cas, il y a toujours quelque chose d’amusant à lire en Moullet, ce mélange d’ironie bienveillante avec une sur-connaissance de l’histoire du cinéma. Serge Daney disait que c’étaient les premiers textes sur lesquels il se précipitait quand il ouvrait un numéro à l’époque ; et Jean-Claude Biette parle également chaleureusement de lui. Moullet n’est pas toujours au centre de la revue et il ne provoque pas toujours un consensus : on l’accuse même parfois d’avoir une bizarrerie irresponsable, Bazin et Truffaut ne sont pas toujours certains à propos de lui, et Godard était parfois en désaccord avec certains de ses goûts... Mais ces éléments-là contribuent à sa valeur et à sa marque : il peut faire bouger des choses. Et grâce à cela, Luc Moullet incarne à lui seul une idée forte de ce qu’était, et ce qu’est encore, les Cahiers du cinéma.

Mais à partir de 1966, il commence à moins écrire. Il rédige le billet : « Les chèvres de Poil » (nº 197), en 1967 à la mort de George Sadoul (un autre de ses héros), des reportages de Cannes... Son destin et sa transition comme réalisateur (après avoir déjà fait plusieurs courts et longs- métrages) se passent en janvier 1969 avec la grande critique de son film Les Contrebandières par Jean-Pierre Oudart (nº 208) avant de faire un long entretien avec Michel Delahaye et Jean Narboni en octobre 1969 (nº 215) – le film est aussi projeté à la troisième Semaine des Cahiers avec sa présentation. Et suite à cet entretien, où on voit clairement les différences entre Moullet et la nouvelle équipe des Cahiers (sur les films politiques, le devoir des Cahiers...), la revue exprime son désaccord avec Daniel Filipacchi et se déchire dans son basculement vers la politique. Des années plus tard (à l’époque de Jousse, et un peu l’époque de Frodon), Moullet revient comme figure légendaire de cette période historique. 

Entretien avec Luc Moullet 

D’abord, je souhaite vous poser deux sortes de question. A propos de vos débuts aux Cahiers, et des années plus tard, quand vous retournez pour écrire un peu, dans les années quatre- vingt-dix. Et comment cela a évolué. Une de mes questions, c’est quoi le geste Cahiers ? Au début de la revue, qu’est-ce qui définit ce que la revue va être pour vous ? 

À l’époque c’était en 1951, donc il y n’avait pratiquement plus de revue de cinéma. Il y avait La Revue du Cinéma qui avait arrêtée en 1948. Et l’hebdomadaire L’Écran français, qui était vraiment la critique, mais qui a été un peu érodé par la soumission à certaines idées du parti communiste, et cela consistait à dire beaucoup de bien des films russes et beaucoup de mal des films américains. Donc c’était une période entre 1948 et 1951 assez lacunaire où il n’y avait pratiquement pas de référence sur le plan critique. 

Pour moi, quand j’essaie de décrire l’essence des Cahiers, les premiers grands gestes sont l’amitié entre Bazin et Truffaut, après ce sont les jeunes qui prennent la revue des gens plus âgés, et après ça, Hitchcock, comme une figure qui unit les jeunes rédacteurs.
Oui, ce n’est pas tout à fait ça. En 1951, c’est Bazin, Doniol-Valcroze et Lo Duca. Et puis, c’est peut-être fin 52, ou début 53, Lo Duca disparaît, parce que les Cahiers ont refusé son texte sur Sadoul.

Dans les correspondances de Truffaut il y a deux lettres, je crois, qu’il vous envoie. Quels étaient vos rapports ? Il parle d’être surpris de l’énergie de votre écriture et un peu de vos goûts à cette époque. Pouvez-vous parler un peu de cela ?
Oui, il y avait peu de lettres, parce qu’on se voyait ou on se parlait par téléphone. Je suis arrivé aux Cahiers à la fin de 1955, à partir de 1954, Lo Duça avait disparu, Bazin et Doniol étaient là. En fait, c’était Truffaut qui menait un peu le jeu à partir du numéro Hitchcock, à peu près en août 1954. Sans être mentionné dans la rédaction, c’était Truffaut qui faisait l’essentiel du travail avec Doniol-Valcroze. 

Quand je pense à vos textes dans les Cahiers de cette période, on peut remarquer une constante dans la revue. Cela change toujours : on prend une idée des Cahiers, un argument et on l’amène ailleurs. Si avec la Nouvelle Vague, il y avait Hitchcock, avec vous on l’emmène jusqu’à Fuller, Ulmer et d’autres réalisateurs américains. Avez-vous remarqué que la revue se modifiait avec vos textes ? 

Pas tellement. Parce que Fuller et Ulmer ont été un peu révélés par Truffaut. Et Truffaut ensuite s’est intéressé surtout à ses réalisateurs favoris comme Becker, Hitchcock, Renoir, Rossellini, Hawks. Ensuite, comme son attention se concentrait sur ces cinéastes, je pouvais faire mes recherches sur des réalisateurs qui étaient plus tenus à l’ombre, comme Ulmer (mais Ulmer est « révélé par Truffaut ») ou Fuller. Mais aussi Buñuel, qui était un peu méprisé par la Nouvelle Vague. Enfin par la nouvelle vague critique. 

Vous avez écrit un livre sur Fritz Lang. Les descriptions des films indiens sont vraiment excellentes. Et Lang était où dans tout ça ?
Lang faisait effectivement partie des cinéastes défendus par Truffaut et ses amies. Notamment Rivette et Chabrol. 

Comment avez-vous rencontré Fuller et comment est-il devenu un comédien dans vos premiers films ?
Il est venu à Paris en 1965. À un moment où il ne pouvait plus, où il avait du mal à tourner en Amérique, parce que le temps de la série B, ou des petits films, était dépassé. Donc à partir de 1965, il y avait un projet qui s’appelait Les fleurs du mal, et comme il avait lu la suite d’articles qui avait été faite sur ces films, j’ai participé à une interview avec lui, c’était au printemps 1965. Et une correspondance a suivi avec lui. Il m’a averti des films qu’il avait en projet. Donc il y a eu une correspondance écrite fournie entre 1959 et 1965. Et puis il fait une petite apparition dans Pierrot le fou, dans Brigitte et Brigitte ensuite où il se présente comme Samuel Fuller. 

Je pense que Fuller et vos textes sur ses films définissent les Cahiers un petit peu. C’est après les textes sur Hitchcock, c’est un amour français passionné pour le cinéma américain. Et l’argument sur Fuller, qu’il ne pense pas, he acts, je pense que c’est une merveille.
En fait, c’est un peu plus complexe. Parce qu’il y avait aussi des intentions, chez Fuller, on le voit notamment à travers des films come Verboeten, ou Run of the Arrow, mais les intentions sont un peu emportées par le lyrisme et la façon de faire. Et tout ce qui est relevé du sujet était en fait un peu après un prétexte. Par exemple, c’est le seul réalisateur qui a fait cinq films anti communiste. Mais en fait, c’est parce qu’il a acquis une étiquette de cinéaste anti rouge qui lui servait beaucoup. Il réalise deux films sur la guerre de Corée, sans avoir participé à cette guerre. Il y a mis son expérience de la deuxième guerre mondiale. Donc on ne décèle pas ce côté anti communiste dans la deuxième guerre mondiale. C’est arrivé dans les films poststaliniens pendant la guerre aux États Unis et il en a joué pour avoir une image de marque. En fait, il était plus contre les dictatures que contre les communistes. 

Votre film Les Sièges de l'Alcazar est un des meilleurs films, je crois, sur la cinéphilie. Est- ce que c’était comme ça dans les milieux critiques pendant les années cinquante ?
Oui, enfin ça, dans le milieu de la critique, un peu poussé, c’était celle des Cahiers du cinéma et de Positif, c’était un peu comme ça. Je l’exagérais parce que pour le public ignorant cela, il fallait définir plus nettement les clans qui s’opposaient... 

Oui, j’adore, il y a une ligne, la femme parle du film Le Sel de la terre un des films des Hollywood Ten, alors que le jeune critique de Cahiers préfère Cottafavi. C’est si drôle. Je crois que vos textes et vos films aussi ont un sens de l’humour qui n’est pas toujours là quand on lit des critiques. Pensez-vous que c’est le cas ? 

Oui, en fait, il y avait pas mal d’humour dans les textes de Truffaut. Mais beaucoup moins dans les textes de Rohmer ou même de Rivette. 

Puis, vous revenez aux Cahiers plus tard pour écrire des articles sur des films. C’était en quelle année exactement et comment est-ce que ça s’est passé ?
J’ai écrit aux Cahiers entre 1956 et 1969. Et puis il y a eu la période maoïste-marxiste- structuraliste, avec laquelle j’avais peu à voir. Pendant six, sept années, il y a eu des Cahiers qui sont parus irrégulièrement, sans photo de films, et même parfois sans critique de films. Donc je ne pouvais pas me réinsérer dans cette structure. 

J’ai rencontré Dominique Noguez et il me disait qu’il a écrit une critique sur un film de Pasolini et avec le bouleversement politique de cette période les Cahiers l’ont rejetée car ils l’ont perçu comme un bourgeois ... Pendant cette période maoïste, je pense qu’un des plus grands critiques-réalisateurs Cahiers était François Truffaut. Et lui aussi a été totalement oublié. Étiez-vous proche ? Qu’est-ce qu’il pensait de la revue ? 

Oui, Truffaut a commencé à faire des films à partir de 1957 et il s’est un peu détaché de la critique surtout à partir de la sortie des Quatre cents coups. Il surveillait, donnait des avis, des conseils... Mais il écrivait comme ça, un peu en dehors des Cahiers, quand on lui demandait un texte. Donc il était beaucoup plus distant et il apportait une aide morale et parfois financière aux Cahiers jusqu’en 1970. Mais ensuite il s’en est écarté. Il disait lui-même qu’il n’avait jamais lu une ligne de Karl Marx. 

Et vous revenez, je pense, dans les années 1990 pour écrire un petit peu dans la revue ... 

Il y a eu quelques interventions... J’ai envoyé une lettre aux Cahiers en 1979 à propos de Godard et ensuite, j’ai fait un texte sur Truffaut, La balance et le lien. Ainsi qu’un texte sur DeMille qui a été publié en 1991, qui a aussi été rédigé quelques années avant. Il y a eu des délais de parution entre l’écriture et la publication en raison des désordres de l’actualité : mon texte sur Truffaut est arrivé après le numéro hommage qui lui fut consacré avant qu’ils me commandent un texte sur Godard en 1990. Enfin, ils m’ont demandé une introduction sur John Ford. À partir de 1992, ils désiraient avoir une suite de billets, comme Audiberti l’avait fait, des billets mensuels, sur un sujet qui m’intéressait jusqu’à 1996. 

Oui, je lisais un entretien avec un réalisateur qui évoquait les billets où vous parliez d’eux. Cela les a aidés dans leur carrière et ils étaient vraiment touchés. Il nous reste à parcourir tous ces textes maintenant. 

Rencontre avec Luc Moullet, grâce à Gérard Courant, mai 2018.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Weekend at RIDM

A weekend in Montreal for RIDM is a real cinephile pleasure. The city’s documentary festival leans more towards the avant-garde so, unlike more pedestrian doc fests, they tend to spotlight auteurs of the film fest circuit that are exploring new cinematic territories in interesting ways. 
I specifically went for their Luc Moullet retrospective. In the nine years that I’ve lived in Toronto I don’t think any Moullet films have ever screened theatrically. This speaks to the worth of RIDM and the Cinémathèque Québécoise that they would not only present a retrospective but also invite Moullet to give a masterclass and introduce his films. The director is already in his eighties so this will probably be his last trip abroad. And RIDM really made an event out of the retrospective by getting new digitisations of many of his films, organizing them into thematic programs and having lengthy discussions with Moullet at every opportunity.

The masterclass was really good. Its moderator Bruno Dequen split the two-hour discussion between his early years at Cahiers du Cinéma and his filmmaking. Being already familiar with Moullet, I can say that I was really impressed with the territory that was covered. 
Moullet shared some interesting anecdotes about his cinephile origins: At the age of ten, around the time of the fiftieth anniversary of cinema in Paris, Moullet discovered classics like Dreyer’s Day of Wrath. Later he would be able to see new films before others since at the time cinema owners, they wouldn’t actually go see the movies that they would book, so they would give their tickets to their staff, which Moullet would inevitably befriend and accompany.
Moullet had interesting stories from when he joined Cahiers in 1956: Their articles had to be written on typewriters in which the movie titles had to be underlined (which were then converted to italics during printing) and couldn’t be submitted on two-sided paper (la règle du recto-verso). Jacques Rivette was the leader and François Truffaut was his right-hand man. The À bout de souffle producer Georges de Beauregard was so inspired by Jean-Luc Godard after their success that he produced Moullet on his recommendation.
Then the conversation turned towards his films that included some interesting observations about his documentaries: Just like how Moullet’s earlier film reviews explored little known subjects in an encyclopedic and ironic fashion, this would also be a trait that he would bring to his documentary practice. Moullet describes his own presence in his films as a heightened exaggeration of his own quirky characteristics. Over the years, he has to worked with a lot with French television broadcasters, especially Canal Plus, as they were the ones who most frequently funded his projects.

Of Moullet’s fortyish films, which date as far back as 1960, he has only made around ten full-length features, some fiction but many documentaries, while most of the others are either shorts or medium lengths. Moullet’s oeuvre is discreet. I wouldn’t necessarily say that it’s mainstream, but I wouldn’t say its esoteric either. Having seen some of his TV work back-to-back I would probably put forward that he’s the closest thing to a French Jerry Seinfeld. The films are usually organized around a comedic bit (just like Jerry’s concluding stand-up sketches) that takes something very mundane and specific and then analyzes it to the point of the nonsensical. 
While at RIDM I got to see eight of Moullet’s films. I’ll rank them in order of how much I liked them and how much they made me laugh (how else should you judge comedies?): In La cabale des oursins he explores mountains made from abandoned coal mine detritus as if they were ideal tourist destinations. In Foix he fines the most decrepit town in all of France and a narrator in a dead-pan and ironic voice-over then speaks to its “qualities”. In Imphy, capitale de la France, along with his wife Antonietta Pizzorno, they search the countryside for an anonymous town to relocate the nation’s capital. Barres is about sneaking past the metro fares in Paris. In Essai d’ouverture Moullet struggles to open a Coke bottle. In Toujours plus he explores the bourgeoning and excessive new supermarket culture. And Le ventre de l’Amérique, the closest thing I saw of his there to a more traditional documentary, he explores small-town Iowa. 
They all made for really interesting programs. I tended to prefer the more eccentric and witty documentaries. And there was a Laurel and Hardy aspect to them where the laughs came from the stubbornness and childish conflict of two exaggerated and opposing personalities. 
As I already mentioned, it was just great seeing these in a cinema and with Moullet there to talk about them. I think it was an experience of a lifetime.

I had already seen Une aventure de Billy le Kid, which isn’t necessarily one of my favorites (I don’t think Jean-Pierre Léaud is that funny in it) and it still isn’t, but re-watching I couldn’t help but notice how the film nicely illustrates Moullet’s ideas on Samuel Fuller: that his westerns aren’t about reflection but about action and how this instinctive quality, which is distinctively American, comes out through his chase scenes. You can see a bit of this in Une aventure de Billy le Kid through all of the Léaud scenes where he’s struggling to make his way through the desert. As well, the film’s particular landscape of the French mountainous countryside is a reoccurring geography in all of Moullet’s work from Terres noire in 1961 to his most recent documentaries. Moullet makes work that only resembles himself: of curious ecosystems, either directly in cities or in the middle of nowhere, that really benefit from a close inspection to best reveal their charm, edges and life.

At RIDM I also got to see Frank Beauvais’ Ne croyez surtour pas que je hurle and a documentary on the modern dancer Merce Cunningham. The Beauvais film was interesting. It consists of him reading in voice-over his diary-like observations of living in the countryside for seven years where he experienced a break-up, the death of his father, and a frustration with French society as he retreated more and more towards living in isolation. While the visuals were taken from short clips from hundreds of different films to illustrate the mood or idea of what he’s talking about. It’s quite an original idea. And the film feels therapeutic: You hear Beauvais talks about his depression all while you see the art that he was able to create through it. And there’s something healthy and positive about its ending where you hear about how he’s finally able to re-find a community and he returns to Paris. I was surprised by Cunningham. It was nice tribute to mid-century New York modernism – Cunningham regularly collaborated with such artists like Robert Rauschenberg, John Cage and Andy Warhol – and the many gestures and new human movements that he created. Not that I know anything about modern dance, but there was something stunning about the 3D scenes of the contemporary dancers putting on their shows. It’s something like Yvonne Rainer meets Wim Wenders’ Pina.  

I can’t really speak to the other films that played at RIDM since I didn’t see them but there was good word-of-mouth buzz for the prize-winning films (except one that Denis Côté really didn’t like; and whose Wilcox will be screening in Toronto in January). And the evening parties at the cinémathèque, where I got to see some friends and other cinephiles, were fun. 
But when in Montreal it’s well worth checking out what’s playing at the other cinemas. Their cineplexes screen films that rarely get distribution outside of Quebec. In Montreal you can see more Québécois, French and European films in general. At the Cineplex Quartier Latin, I got to see Nicolas Pariser’s Alice et le Maire, which stars Anaïs Demoustier as a new consultant to the mayor of Lyon (Fabrice Luchini). It has some interesting things to say about a certain careerism and dullness that has affected their political class and what happens when the desire for inspiration strikes. There was something distinct about it in terms of recent French comedies and I liked how it told its story and treated its characters. 
And then I finally got to discover Cinéma Moderrne, which is further north on St. Laurent, to check out Marriage Story. Not as good as Baumbach’s The Meyerowitz Stories, I would still say it’s worth seeing, even though it has a few frustrating Netflix-tropes (its images are too pristine, accepts a mediocre naturalism, too theatrical), for the performances Adam Driver and Scarlett Johansson give. Like in all of Baumbach’s films there’s something especially affecting about the characters’ vulnerability and desperateness. And it asks some interesting questions: How do you really see your partner once habits takeover in long-term relationships? What’s listening and communicating when you’re just seen as an extension of your husband? How come expectations, in both relationships and in society, are different for women? How do you still love someone while you’re no longer together?
It’s worth seeing Marriage Story, and it gives me great pleasure to see a renaissance in repertory cinema attendance that comes from this sort of programming, but I would still say it’s not as subtle or deep as Ingmar Bergman’s Scenes from a Marriage which it’s clearly riffing on. Instead of Bergman now we get Baumbach. 

Anyways here’s a short report on my weekend trip to Montreal. Still my favorite city in the country for moviegoing: I go there to spend time with films, as one would travel to spend time with friends. It’s so easy to see up to three movies in a day there and get a microcosm of the diversity of cinema in general. That’s why the city’s film culture is so great. The experiences and the discourse are far richer and kinder than the hermetic yelling that usually takes place on social media. What works so well in Montreal is that things are smaller, therefore nimbler and more efficient, you can do more. It becomes more about the people who are there and their experiences with the films and each other. There’s less institutional mediation, so there’s less interval between watching films and life. Moviegoing just feels more natural, like a way of living.

Sunday, March 20, 2016

François Truffaut to Luc Moullet

“Neither in its tone nor its form nor its content is your article on Les Hussards right for Cahiers, even though it’s not-uninteresting… That’s why your joining Cahiers poses the moral problems that you can image; I’m sure we’ll come to trust you, but you will understand why we are wary...

 “It was so very friendly and revealed a Moullet I had not suspected, full of humour, relaxed and realistic…. Yes, I admit it, we were a little scared of you. First because you are as (sincerely and violently) caustic as we used to be and there’s something shocking about this eternal recurrence at Cahiers, this eternally recurring sarcasm, and it also seemed to us that you tended to go too far in both directions (adulation and loathing)...

(Francois Truffaut: Correspondence, Pg. 85, 95)

Sunday, May 10, 2015

Sam Fuller by Luc Moullet

"Surely one of the most unjustly forgotten moments in the history of cinema is the day when Luc Moullet received a plastic leg in the mail from Samuel Fuller. The director of Fixed Bayonets! and Run of the Arrow was so taken with the article 'Sam Fuller sur les brisées de Marlowe' that he sent its author an autographed fake limb in thanks. The gift paid tribute to Moullet's argument, which held that Fuller was a filmmaker obsessed with the human body, and, in particular, with feet. Moullet saw this fascination as neither foot fetish nor Oedipal complex: instead, it exemplified how the plainspoken director's films started from the physical world rather than from preconceived ideas. The feet were the most humble part of the body, the part directly linked to the ground, to movement, to action—in short, to what the critic considered the essence of cinema." - Sam Dilorio
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